Biomechanics Kinematics of Jumping, Literature Review

Literature review Jumping is a movement which is fundamental to a vast majority of sports (Grimshaw et.al 2006). The goal of a jump may be to try and achieve the longest or highest jump possible, as in long jump and high jump; or they may be performed to intercept the opposition for example a header in football or defensive block in basketball (Matavulj et.al, 2001) (Juarez et.al, 2011). An example of a jump is a counter-movement jump as defined by (Marshall Moran 2013) as being a form of vertical jump which involves a preparatory movement downwards before a forceful extension of the hip, knee and ankle moves the body upwards into the concentric phase. A jump which can be related to both vertical jump at toe-off (concentric) and counter-movement jump at the landing phase (eccentric) is a drop jump. Drop jump It is explained by (Hilfiker et.al, 2007) that the drop jump is used in training and in the pre-match warm-ups for sports such as, football, basketball and volleyball where counter-movement in a jump is a regular occurrence. (Bobbert 1986) states how the hip, knee and ankle joints all experience a period of flexion during the counter-movement phase of a drop jump. During this phase the main contractions of muscles are the eccentric contraction of the hip, knee and ankle extensors. (Young Behm 2003) explain that before partaking in a drop jump, stretches for the hamstring, ankle plantar flexors and the quadriceps should take place as these are the main

Ict In Schools A Means For Transforming Teaching Education Essay Free Essays

string(290) " to categories at their places or offices, \( Bannan and Milheim, 1997 \) , and provides bringing medium, content supplier, and capable affair in one bundle, unlike other mediums, such as computing machine based preparation, that require a separate bringing mechanism \( McManus, 1996 \) \." The application of Information and Communications Technology ( ICT ) in schools is perceived as a agency for transforming instruction and acquisition procedure, and has therefore been met with important enthusiasm. The underdeveloped universe besides perceives ICT as a tool that will advance socio-economic, political, and sustainable development and as portion of the nucleus of instruction, aboard reading, composing and numeracy. This perceptual experience is emphasized in schools in Ghana. We will write a custom essay sample on Ict In Schools A Means For Transforming Teaching Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Students and students can make their prep on the cyberspace, because such services and installations exist on the cyberspace. The cyberspace can besides ease high quality instruction in the schoolroom every bit good as enrich the learning accomplishments of instructors. Harmonizing to Griffiths ( 1999 ) , in most underdeveloped states, though information engineering has been introduced, it is non to the full incorporated. In Ghana, witting attempts are being made by authorities to distribute the usage of information engineering in all sectors. As a consequence, the authorities of Ghana has passed a policy ( ICT for Accelerated Development ) to defend the class in advancing information and communications engineering in Ghana. In the ICT for Accelerated Development Policy, it stated that â€Å" policy attempts shall be directed at utilizing ICTs to ease system of E-learning and E-education every bit good as life-long acquisition within the population at big † . 1.2 Statement of the Problem In order to accomplish the aims of the new educational reform ( 2007 ) and ICT4AD policy of the state, coachs and pupils should be encouraged to develop involvement in the usage of ICT Tools such as Web Based Learning ( WBL ) Tools to heighten instruction and acquisition of the class. This is premier exampled by the manner coachs and pupils of Konongo-Odumase Senior High School abandon the usage of WBL Tools. The coachs and pupils are supposed to take advantage of WBL Tools to heighten instruction and larning yet as it is now, they do n’t. It is as a consequence of this job that, the research worker seeks to utilize the WBL tools to better instruction and acquisition. 1.3 Purpose of the Study The chief intent of this survey is to better instruction and acquisition of ICT in Konongo-Odumase Senior High School. This intent is intended to be achieved by look intoing into the non use of WBL Tools. The information gathered will assist convey out intercessions that would better instruction and acquisition of ICT through the usage of WBL. Specifically, this survey is aimed at: Use appropriate methods to heighten pupils understanding during ICT lessons. Use immediate feedback to pupils to actuate them to analyze the topic. Monitoring pupil ‘s public presentation through WBL Tools. Keeping the involvement of both coachs and pupils in the instruction and larning procedure by utilizing an easy manner of accessing information. 1.4 Research Questions How will you utilize WBL to assist actuate pupils to go active in the survey of ICT? What method of learning will outdo aid to better instruction and acquisition? To what extent would the given of immediate feedback to pupils actuate them to analyze ICT? Is it utile for instructors to utilize WBL Tools to learn? How will the pupils develop involvement in the class? 1.5 Significance of the Study The result of this survey would convey to bare the importance of WBL to schools and other affected establishments in general. It will assist make a more efficient mechanization for the modern-day coach to student instruction and acquisition procedure. It is hoped that this survey will convey to bare the demand for WBL Tools and sharing of resources with the schools with connectivity. 1.6 Restriction of the Study In malice of all the attempts put into the survey by the research worker, the research was saddled with the following jobs, which were possible reverse that influenced the concluding consequence. Not all the questionnaires administered were responded and returned. Time restraints in footings of limited periods to subject the long essay and other immaterial factors facilitated the choosing of Konongo-Odumase Senior High School. Some respondent intentionally or out ignorance gave inaccurate responses. Some respondents were hard to be interviewed due to their heavy agendas therefore the figure interviewed was smaller than anticipated. 1.7 Boundary line of the Study All pupils in all secondary schools in Ghana offer ICT as a topic. However, this survey is narrowed down in range to fiscal and clip restraints. It hence confined itself to merely first twelvemonth pupils and a few coachs. Chapter Two Literature Review Definition of Web-Based Direction Khan ( 1997 ) defines Web-Based Instruction ( WBI ) as: â€Å" †¦ a hypermedia-based instructional plan which utilizes the properties and resources of the World Wide Web to make a meaningful acquisition environment where acquisition is fostered and supported. † Relan and Gillami ( 1997a ) define WBI as: â€Å" †¦ the application of a repertory of cognitively oriented instructional schemes within a constructivist and collaborative acquisition environment, using the properties and resources of the World Wide Web. † Web-Based Instruction, besides called Web-Based Training, is defined by Clark ( 1996 ) as: â€Å" Individualized direction delivered over public or private computing machine webs and displayed by a Web browser. WBT is non downloaded CBT, but instead on-demand preparation stored in a waiter and accessed across a web. Web-based preparation can be updated really quickly, and entree to developing controlled by the preparation supplier. † Though the above definitions are non indistinguishable, there is a common subject, which is that WBI takes advantage of the Internet and World Wide Web to present information. Importance of Web-Based Direction WBI, which is an emerging field in instruction, is however, a portion of the rapid growing that is the Internet. Reasons for the growing of WBI include: promotes growing of distance instruction economically ( dependable and cheap beginning ) as compared to computing machine based preparation, unrecorded broadcasts, picture tapes, and so on, ( Relan and Gillani, 1997b and Santi, 1997 ) , enables scholars who prefer or are required to larn outside traditional schoolrooms to go to categories at their places or offices, ( Bannan and Milheim, 1997 ) , and provides bringing medium, content supplier, and capable affair in one bundle, unlike other mediums, such as computing machine based preparation, that require a separate bringing mechanism ( McManus, 1996 ) . You read "Ict In Schools A Means For Transforming Teaching Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Nichols ( 1995 ) predicts that: â€Å" The possible benefit from explicating rating methodological analysiss for the Web [ for instructional stuffs ] depends on whether or non the Web will go a lasting medium or a passing craze? In fact, the Web will probably shortly go the most popular medium for the bringing of distance instruction type stuffs. † The development of information engineering has easy changed the manner people interact with computing machines. This alteration has besides reached the learning procedure: distance acquisition, where pupil and instructor are connected by engineering alternatively of a schoolroom, is going a feasible option to traditional instruction methods, and is poised for major growing over the following several old ages. However, understanding how to utilize the World Wide Web ( WWW ) to back up preparation and acquisition activities presents a significant challenge for the interior decorators and judges of this emerging engineering. Particularly they have to understand how communicating and interaction, two cardinal characteristics of the acquisition procedure, are changed by the computing machine engineering. Furthermore, they have to research the possibilities of successfully teaching via webs while turn outing the acquisition and cost effectivity of these advanced systems. Get downing from t he theoretical background presented in Chapter 2 and 3, we present a model for the development of web-based acquisition environments. These tools can be considered a peculiar signifier of interactive multimedia: computer-stored information, which is connected and retrieved via links. An interesting development of interactive multimedia analyzed by the text are shared interactive multimedias, new Internet tools in which different users, who are at the same time shoping the same web site, can pass on with each other. The usage of computing machine engineerings to heighten larning began in late ’60s with the attempts of innovators such as Atkinson and Suppes [ 1, 2 ] . Since that clip the presence of computing machine engineering in schools has increased dramatically, and anticipations are that this tendency will go on to speed up. In peculiar, the visual aspect of Internet-based information and communicating engineerings is altering how preparation is being conducted in many colleges, universities and private companies. As noted by Federico [ 3 ] â€Å" we are in the thick of a paradigm displacement in instruction and preparation from schoolroom centric to web centric † ( p.653 ) . On one side the development of information engineering has easy changed the manner people interact with computing machines. Technological progresss have bit by bit shifted the focal point off from computing machines as such, and toward what people really do with them. The most apparent mark of this alteration has been the creative activity of wholly new synergistic communicating environments like Computer Mediated Communication and Computer Supported Collaborative Work made possible by the increasing power and flexibleness of today ‘s information engineering [ 4 ] . In fact non merely does the usage of the World Wide Web non vouch effectual larning [ 6 ] . Inappropriate utilizations of engineering may impede acquisition. For illustration, it is good known that pupils can blow a batch of clip surfing the Internet. The first studies of Web-based Learning appear in the early 1990s edifice on 30 old ages of computer-assisted direction. Advocates claimed computer-assisted direction is superior to text-based, talk, and traditional educational methods for grounds that include control by the scholar over content, clip, and topographic point of acquisition ; sweetening of acquisition, logical thinking, and efficiency ; and cost nest eggs. Many surveies that reported advantages contained methodological defects and reported advantages unrelated to computer-specific characteristics. Web-based acquisition ( WBL ) represents a farther development of computer-assisted direction. Technical advantages of WBL include cosmopolitan handiness, easiness in updating content, and hyperlink maps that permit cross-referencing to other resources. These proficient progresss, specifically hyperlink and seeking capablenesss, fit the constructivist larning theory, where scholars search out and make their ain cognition bases. However, as was apparent with computer-assisted direction, possible advantages may non interpret into important betterments in educational results. Web-based larning environments can function as motivational, instructional, mold, feedback, and appraisal tools. These environments besides can impact the cognitive and societal behaviours of pupils ( Mayer 2001 ; Wallace 2001 ) . What is web-based acquisition? Web-based acquisition encompasses all educational intercessions that make usage of the cyberspace ( or a local intranet ) . There are presently three wide categorizations or constellations within WBL: tutorials, on-line treatment groups, and practical schoolrooms. The differentiations between these constellations are frequently blurred, and in fact a given WBL intercession might utilize a combination of two or three, but the deductions for learning warrant a conceptual, albeit at times arbitrary, separation. On-line tutorials are similar to face-to-face talks. They by and large consist of information structured by the instructor in a manner that will ( hopefully ) facilitate acquisition. Tutorials are frequently enhanced by characteristics such as multimedia ( sound, images, films, and lifes ) , links to online resources ( full-text diary articles or related web sites ) and other countries within the class, and self-assessment tools. Effective online tutorials frequently besides make usage of schoolroom instances. Online treatment is similar to the face-to-face little group session. As with any little group, there may be an component of didactic instruction from the teacher ( eg a brief tutorial ) but the bosom of the instruction lies in group treatment. Teachers take on the function of facilitators – specifying the range of the treatment, monitoring and steering the treatment as needed, and supplying or assisting pupils to happen extra resources. Communication among group members can be asynchronous ( hold between directing a message and having the response ) or synchronal ( unrecorded ) . Virtual schoolrooms are computer-based simulations of schoolroom brushs. It is besides deserving observing what WBL is non. The cyberspace has found many maps in ICT instruction in which the primary purpose is non an educational intercession designed for web-based bringing. These include archives of face-to-face talks ( eg Power- Point slides or videotaped talks ) and class course of study, on-line disposal of trials and class ratings, and administrative communications. While surely utile, these maps do non represent WBL. The Role of WBLTs Web-based acquisition tools ( WBLTs ) , besides referred to as larning objects in the literature, are defined in this survey as â€Å" synergistic web-based tools that support larning by heightening, amplifying, and steering the cognitive procedures of scholars † ( Agostinho, Bennett, Lockyer, A ; Harper, 2004 ; Butson, 2003 ; McGreal, 2004 ; Parrish, 2004 ; Wiley, et Al. 2004 ) . WBLTs offer two notable characteristics that can cut down the impact of possible obstructions instructors face when utilizing engineering. First, typical WBLTs are designed to concentrate on specific constructs, doing them easy to larn, easy to utilize, and more attractive to busy pedagogues who have small clip to larn more complex, advanced package bundles ( Gadanidis, Gadanidis, A ; Schindler, 2003 ) . Ease of usage besides makes WBLTs more toothsome to instructors who are discerning about utilizing engineering ( Kay, Knaack, A ; Muirhead, in imperativeness ) . Second, a broad scope of WBLTs exist including drill-and-practice appraisal tools ( Adams, Lubega, Walmsley, A ; Williams, 2004 ) or tutorials ( Nurmi A ; Jaakkola, 2006 ) , video instance surveies or supports ( Kenny, Andrews, Vignola, Schilz, A ; Covert, 1999 ; MacDonald et al. , 2005 ) , general web-based multimedia resources ( Van Zele, Vandaele, Botteldooren, A ; Lenaerts, 2003 ) , and selfcontained synergistic tools in a specific content country ( Bradley A ; Boyle, 2004 ; Cochrane, 2005 ) . Furthermore, in contrast to other larning engineerings burdened with execution challenges and costs, WBLTs are readily accessible over the Internet and instructors need non worry about inordinate costs or non holding the latest version ( Wiley, 2000 ) . It is speculated that the wide choice of readily accessible WBLTs will do it easier for instructors to incorporate WBLTs into a schoolroom environment. In drumhead, barriers to utilizing engineering reported by instructors such as clip, limited accomplishment, fright of engineering, and limited entree to engineering are partly addressed by easy-to-use WBLTs that are readily accessible in a broad assortment of pedagogical formats. WBLT Research in Middle and Secondary School Classrooms Existing WBLT or larning object research is limited to the sphere of higher instruction. Out of the 41 empirical surveies reviewed for this paper, 29 ( 70 % ) focussed on WBLT usage in higher instruction, whereas merely eight ( 20 % ) examined WBLT usage in center or secondary school schoolrooms ( Brush A ; Saye, 2001 ; Ilomaki, Lakkala, A ; Paavola, 2006 ; Kay A ; Knaack, 2007a ; Kong A ; Kwok, 2005 ; Liu A ; Bera, 2005 ; Lopez-Morteo A ; Lopez, 2007 ; McCormick A ; Li, 2006 ; Nurmi A ; Jaakkola, 2006 ) . Four surveies examined in-between school pupils ‘ usage of WBLTs. Kong A ; Kwok ( 2005 ) looked at nine-year-old pupils ‘ independent usage of WBLTs for 15-20 hours while trying to larn about fractions. Students who used WBLTs significantly outperformed pupils who did non utilize WBLTs. Ilomaki et Al. ( 2006 ) examined 11 and 12 twelvemonth old pupils utilizing WBLTs to analyze eating wonts. Teachers and pupils did non measure the effectivity of the five hebdomad, WBLT unit, but the pedagogical schemes used by the teachers were described in item. Liu A ; Bera ( 2005 ) examined in-between school pupils ‘ usage forms with regard to a scope of WBLTs. Eighty-two per centum of the pupils generated successful solutions utilizing WBLTs. Finally, Nurmi A ; Jaakkola ( 2006 ) reported that synergistic, simulation-based WBLTs produced significantly better consequences than drill-and pattern WBLTs. Five surveies looked at the usage of WBLTs in the secondary school schoolroom. Brush A ; Saye ( 2001 ) reported that pupils tended to look at superficial content in a WBLT when left to their ain devices and that more active counsel and construction was needed when utilizing information based WBLTs. Ilomaki et Al. ( 2006 ) explored the pedagogical affordances of WBLTs in three countries: nutrition, sense of the encephalon, and multiple intelligences. Kay A ; Knaack ( 2007b ) used a comprehensive appraisal tool to measure the usage of WBLTs and found that overall utility, clear instructions, organized layout, and good theme/motivation were peculiarly of import to pupils. Lopez-Morteo A ; Lopez ( 2007 ) reported that pupils perceived synergistic, recreationbased, collaborative WBLTs positively. Finally, McCormick A ; Li ( 2006 ) completed an extended survey analyzing the attitudes of 770 secondary schools instructors from six different European states toward utilizing WBLTs from the CELEBRATE aggregation. Overall, 70 % of the instructors thought WBLTs were utile. Just over half the instructors felt WBLTs were good designed, although this was clearly dependent on the type of WBLT chosen. Over 50 % of instructors experient Internet jobs while utilizing WBLTs. In add-on, approximately 60 % of all teachers thought WBLTs improved their instruction and felt that pupils were more engaged. Overall, WBLT-use research is positive, albeit slightly ad hoc and inconsistent in informations aggregation schemes. Two surveies gathered user public presentation informations, ( Kong A ; Kwok, 2005 ; Nurmi A ; Jaakkola, 2006 ) , four surveies collected descriptive informations ( Brush A ; Saye, 2001 ; Ilomaki et al. , 2006 ; Liu A ; Bera, 2005 ; McCormick A ; Li, 2006 ) , one survey implemented a formal study ( Kay A ; Knaack, 2007a, 2007b ) , and one survey accumulated anecdotal studies ( Lopez-Morteo A ; Lopez, 2007 ) . With the exclusion of McCormick and Li ‘s ( 2006 ) paper, all eight old surveies looked at pupil perceptual experiences entirely ; teacher feelings of how good the WBLTs worked were non examined. Feedback in web-based acquisition applications Testing and appraisal are widely used in web-based acquisition applications, and e-learning Systems. Computer-based testing has a figure of advantages, viz. : facilitation of informations analysis coevals of speedy or sometimes even immediate consequences decrease of clip for trials development addition in user motive in the instance of frequent measuring possibilities of proving at any clip entreaty to a great figure of users/respondents with a big assortment of penchants, features, instruction, ends, etc. By and large, there exist many types of jobs of proving and appraisal in web-based larning systems, including both more proficient 1s such as user individuality confirmation and security issues and more general facets such as personalisation and version of assessment procedure. Lack of interaction between pupils and instructors is one of the chief jobs in web-based acquisition applications ( Mory, 2003 ) . During the acquisition procedure a pupil performs a figure of actions where feedback is important, for illustration in appraisals or in feedback chiefly consists of information about the trials consequences presented to a user. In web-based larning systems feedback presented by computing machine is normally aimed to replace feedback given to the pupil by the instructor and to better pupil public presentation ( Mory, 2003 ) . The chief function of feedback in web-based systems is to inform and to actuate the user to increase his or her attempt and attending. In web-based larning systems feedback plays a important function in interaction. The feedback is particularly of import in proving and appraisal that is organised within the learning procedure. Harmonizing to Brusilovsky and Miller ( 1999 ) proving constituents are the best developed synergistic constituents in web-based instruction. However, we consider these constituents as being ill designed still. Most of the current testing constituents in e-learning and other web-based applications do non back up feedback version. They do non give information about the user ‘s public presentation in the most suited clip and signifier for him or her. In traditional distance acquisition ( external, but non computer-based acquisition ) feedback has been examined from a figure of different positions ( Hyland, 2001 ) . The surveies have shown that pupils particularly wanted elaborate feedback and remarks. The feedback was expected to supply positive remarks on strengths, non obscure generalizations. It is recommended that unfavorable judgment in feedback be constructive and that pupils should hold a opportunity to react to remarks ( Hyland, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to Mory ( 2003 ) the feedback mechanisms that are used by pupils have changed with the progresss and growing of web-based larning systems. The usage of student-centred and constructivist attack in larning system supposes the usage of learner-to-learner interaction and provides meaningful equal and teacher feedback ( Dabbagh,2002 ) . Harmonizing to Bischoff ( 2000 ) pupils need regular feedback in order to cognize how their public presentation was evaluated, how they could better it, and how their classs are calculated. The effectual elements of on-line learning include frequent and consistent online feedback, diplomatic online feedback, and appraising online feedback. Based on qualities of on-line feedback ( multidimensional, nonevaluative, supportive, pupil controlled, seasonably, and specific ) outlined by Schwartz and White ( 2000 ) and Mory ( 2003 ) has suggested that feedback in the web-based acquisition system should hold the undermentioned qualities: prompt, seasonably, and thorough online feedback ongoing formative feedback about on-line group treatments ongoing summational feedback about classs constructive, supportive, and substantial online feedback specific, nonsubjective, and single online feedback consistent online feedback. In web-based acquisition applications the chief maps of the testing constituent are to measure the users, to give the user information about his or her public presentation, to actuate the user, and to concentrate the user ‘s attending on farther interaction with the system. Feedback differs from rating, where the chief end is to rate and enter the consequence of the testing for the intent of measuring the user. There are several chief jobs with feedback in web-based applications. First of wholly, there is the job of feedback representation. It is widely argued in favor of expressed presentation of feedback, but there are excessively few thoughts about what should be included into feedback and what sort of construction it should hold. Naturally, the feedback should match to the undertakings and to the single features of the user. The effectivity of different types of feedback in web-based acquisition system has been by experimentation studied by Mandernach ( 2005 ) , who evaluated the educational impact of showing assorted degrees of computer-based, on-line feedback ( no-feedback, knowledge-of-response, knowledge-of-correct-response, topic-contingent, and response contingent ) . The consequences of this survey have shown that the type of computer-based feedback did non hold any influence on pupil acquisition, but at the same clip the pupils reported distinguishable penchants for knowledge-of-response and response-contingent computer-based feedback. This allowed to reason that the pupils prefer feedback that is direct and clearly addresses the rightness of their response. The other job of feedback is the clip of its presentation. The user could be provided either with immediate or with delayed feedback. Harmonizing to Mathan ( 2003 ) the job of feedback timing is of important importance for tutoring systems. H e argued about the tradeoff between the benefits of immediate and delayed feedback: while immediate feedback is more effectual, delayed feedback supports better transportation and keeping. The advantages and disadvantages of immediate and delayed feedback can alter with different larning ends and scenes. The of import inquiry of feedback is that it can pull attending off from the undertakings increasing the clip required to put to death them. Harmonizing to Oulasvirta and Saariluoma ( 2004 ) disrupting messages such as feedback in human-computer interaction influence the extent and type of mistakes in retrieving. We argue that the jobs of feedback discussed could be partly solved by version of feedback to the undertakings and to the features of an single user. Feedback version in web based applications can supply a user with feedback that is the most appropriate for his or her personal features, existent temper, behavior, and heed ( Choe et al. , 2004 ) . How to cite Ict In Schools A Means For Transforming Teaching Education Essay, Essay examples

Digital Divide

Question: Write an essay on Digital divide. Answer: Digital divide is a concept that refers to the gap that is created between the individuals or businesses or geographical areas at a number of different social and economic levels which is due to the lesser opportunities or ease of accessibility to Information and Communication Technology (ICT). A huge difference is created between the people or communities that can make use and benefit from the Internet as compared to the ones that do not get the privilege to do the same (OECD, 2016). The digital divide is further explained on the basis of four parameters as Who, Which, How and To What. Who is the primary subject that performs the connectivity: Individuals, Businesses, Households, Country, Community and many more. Which are the attributes that define the divide that is created: Educations, Age, Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Geographical location and many further. How sophisticated the usage is: Accessibility, Connectivity, Usage, Amount of Usage, Opportunities etc. To What does the entity connect to: Computer Systems, Mobile Devices, Tablets, Workstations etc. Reasons for Digital Divide There are a number of social, cultural and economic factors behind the digital divide which are described as below: Education Households and individual who are educated in a better way get more opportunities to use Internet and understand the benefits that are possible with the same. On the other hand, the ones those who are not qualified much do not get the advantages of the same and hence, do not make an effort to utilize the web. Economic Condition This is one of the major reasons behind the digital divide. There are households who can easily afford the hardware, software and network requirements for accessing the Internet and communication framework whereas some are not privileged to attain benefit from the same. Race and Ethnicity There is also varied difference of the usage of ICT between the different races and ethnicities that exist all around. Some of the races make more use of the Internet whereas there are certain races where this number is surprisingly low (Cs.stanford.edu, 2016). Age and Gender This is also one of the major factors that have contributed towards the growth of digital divide. People belonging to a particular age group or gender tend to make use of ICT more as compared to others. Changes with Solutions to Digital Divide Huawei banded together with the biggest neighborhood transporter in Bangladesh to start the Phone Lady extend and set up Communication Information Centers (CICs) to give UAS. The point of the activity is to expand the accessibility of phone and data access administrations for occupants in country regions and empower them to profit by financial and social achievement. Through this activity the bearer connects with a substantial number of nearby proprietors, the majority of whom are female, by organizing advances from the neighborhood bank for buying cell telephone gadgets and giving preparing on the best way to work the administration. The activity has ended up being an extraordinary achievement in determining the UAS issue in provincial ranges and has prompted expanded monetary exercises and encouraged general correspondences. The transporter and Huawei will encourage extend UAS to data administrations, for example, the Internet and related administrations. The transporter composes the neighborhood aggregate units and a few proprietors to build up CICs that the proprietors autonomously own and work. The CICs capacity as client administration focuses that give administrations, for example, pay telephones, e-revive, printing, checking, replicating, and additionally notices and news (counting the cost of homestead items, government sites, and occupation data). Subsequently, individuals in remote zones can have better salaries, discover occupations, get data on homestead items, and expansion the general monetary action of the locale. The "Telephone for All" anticipate (initially advanced by the Maitland Commission over two decades back) has accomplished a specific measure of progress. As indicated by the most recent report by the ITU Secretary-General, its goal has essentially been accomplished. The world's top need for the following a quarter century is to connect the computerized separate brought about by national information systems (broadband) and make "Broadband Inclusion for All" a reality. In any case, developing national broadband systems frequently requires a significant venture and both open and private segments must endeavor to accomplish this objective (Huawei.com, 2016). Apart from the above efforts taken to close the gap of digital divide, there are many countries who have been pro-actively working to bridge this divide. The top most in the list and the initiatives taken are as listed below: Singapore The city-state's legislature has one of the world's best scopes of online administrations and e-cooperation instruments and positions behind just the United Arab Emirates for the effect of data innovation on government productivity. Singapore offers the most helpful business and development environment worldwide and the second most computerized prepared workforce (second, behind Finland.) With such fruitful ground, it is not amazing that advanced use is so across the board: Singapore brags the most elevated infiltration of portable broadband memberships per capita. However Internet uptake is shockingly low: just seventy five percent of the populace utilizes the Internet all the time, far lower than pioneers Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. This generally low uptake does not avert more than a large portion of the populace being utilized in learning escalated occupations, the second most elevated after Luxembourg. Finland Following two years at the top, Finland slips to second place however positions best on the planet on abilities and has a fabulous political/business environment and framework. Together with reasonable access, these variables have driven across the board use among subjects and organizations. In spite of the fact that it has not yet discovered approaches to completely rebuild its huge data innovation industry, Finland has overwhelmed Japan as the nation with the most astounding number of licenses per capita. The administration is reexamining approaches to advance the computerized business and these endeavors are relied upon to stem the decay of government online administration conveyance and e-interest that have lost the nation the top spot. Sweden The countrys political and business environment stays one of the top-notch on the planet regardless of a slight decay. Incredible framework, moderate access, and a very gifted populace mean data innovation utilization is across the board among organizations and the populace on the loose. This action is pondered in enormous effects the economy and society. Swedish organizations are exceedingly imaginative in making new items and administrations, pioneers in licensing ICT-related innovation, and half of the Swedish workforce is currently utilized in information serious occupations. The Netherlands The Netherlands scores extremely well on political and administrative systems, the business and development environment, and for framework and abilities. In any case, one test remains reasonableness, where the nation positions 72nd on the planet. That has prompted low versatile and portable broadband memberships. In any case, singular utilization is generally wide: the nation positions third for access to PCs and broadband. The Netherlands has a portion of the most abnormal amounts of business-to-business and business-to-buyer Internet utilization and the administration remains a pioneer in giving access to taxpayer driven organizations on the web, so making Dutch e-support the world's ideal. Norway Norway has the best computerized framework on the planet and Norwegians are second just to Icelanders for access to the Internet. Norway likewise scores exceptionally on measures of the effect, with versatility of the workplace and utilization of advanced in training both positioned third on the planet. Half of specialists are utilized in learning concentrated occupations, and Norway positions 6th for the successful utilization of computerized to enhance access to fundamental administrations (World Economic Forum, 2016). Recommended Solutions for Controlling Digital Divide The following solutions have been suggested to bridge the gap that is created with digitization. Mapping the community assets It is extremely important to understand and analyze the current state of community assets before beginning to work on the path of bridging the gap. There must be complete details such as number of households that can access web, number of devices owned, accessibility status of each household, problem areas and likewise. These figures would help them in the process of creating opportunities to those who do not get the privilege to access and use Internet. Providing support to the local non-profit organizations There are a number of local not-for-profit organizations that are diligently working towards minimizing the digital divide. Government and an individual as an own must provide the support to such organizations so that the fruitful results are seen and are seen quickly. For instance, Oakland Technology Exchange West provides fixed up computers and customer assistance to the people. Discover and keep track of low-cost offers There are a number of service providers that offer various service plans ranging from high to low rates. It is necessary to do a good research to find out a suitable plan at lower rates to have a cost-effective solution in place (Dugan et al., 2014). Allow the use of unlicensed white space White space is a term for TV and radio frequencies that aren't as of now being used for existing channels. Initially, these additional frequencies were pressed between channels as a kind of cradle so as to forestall obstruction. Be that as it may, organizations have since discovered approaches to work on these channels without bringing about any intrusion to neighboring projects. Moreover, a worldwide move to computerized TV and radio from simple has authorized a considerably more extensive swath of range. Computerized signs can transmit on contiguous channels without making a disturbance either. Since country territories have a tendency to have admittance to less existing diverts in any case, they would have significantly more extra range. New gadgets including cell phones, tablets, and PCs that know how to identify unused range can utilize it to transmit remote broadband signs. These frequencies are particularly valuable since they can convey a great deal of information over long s eparations and reach inside. Bring the dig-once process in practice At whatever point an organization needs to introduce another optical fiber link to give better Internet access to a house or group, it should first contract bulldozers and a development team to burrow a way to the new destination. In the event that various organizations need to convey fiber to the same territory at various times, they may end up burrowing the same course once more. It's straightforward why this procedure is costly and troublesome to local people. There is a much less demanding and less expensive methodology would be for governments to require street development groups to lay a solitary course close by each new street as they are building it, through which all future fiber optic links could be strung. Universal advancement banks could do likewise for the undertakings they support. Creation of local content To welcome the following billion clients, organizations and technologists need to connect with profoundly with nearby groups to figure out whether and how they expect to utilize this entrance. That way, said the specialists, systems can be worked out in ways that best suit those reasons. At the end of the day, reacting to real interest for the Internet is as essential as formulating new plans to offer it. One key part of that reaction is creating nearby substance that is applicable to potential new clients in their local dialects. Numerous administrations have started to offer online administrations for business, duties, or licenses, which is one approach to create nearby substance. Designers are likewise seeing accomplishment with nearby locales and applications that individuals offer with each other in a specific area (IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News, 2016). Conclusion Digital Divide is a term that refers to the gap that has been created due to the accessibility and opportunity to use to the Internet for one section and the inability to do so for the rest. This gap is seen on a global platform and there are multiple reasons behind the same. The primary reasons that have been seen behind the problem of digital divide are the ones related to education, age, gender, economic condition, race and ethnicity. In all of these factors a particular section of individuals or community gets better opportunities and accessibility to Internet and communication technology whereas the other does not get the same. There have been many efforts put in by the Government and the non-profit organizations as well to minimize the gap. The top countries that have received successful results in attempts to bridge the gap are Singapore, Finland, Sweden, The Netherlands and Norway. There are many other solutions which can be adapted to minimize this difference such as proper assessment of the available resources and mapping them to the requirements. Also, to support the local non-profit organizations and keeping a track of available service plans that are cost-effective in nature is of utmost importance. There are a number of frequencies that are not used by the devices such as television and radio and can be utilized to provide web services to the people. Adapting and adhering to the practice of digging just once and using the local content can be of good help as well. References Cs.stanford.edu. (2016). The Digital Divide. [online] Available at: https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs201/projects/digital-divide/start.html [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016]. Dugan, S., Bolsinger, A., Bolsinger, A., Bolsinger, A., Larson, S., Bolsinger, A., Meier, N., Dugan, S. and Dugan, S. (2014). Three ways to bridge the digital divide in Oakland (Community Voices) - Oakland Local. [online] Oakland Local. Available at: https://oaklandlocal.com/2014/04/three-ways-to-bridge-the-digital-divide-in-oakland-community-voices/ [Accessed 3 Jun. 2016]. Huawei.com. (2016). Huawei India - Bridging the Digital Divide. [online] Available at: https://huawei.com/in/about-huawei/corporate-citizenship/bridging-digital-divide/index.htm [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016]. IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. (2016). 3 Ways To Bridge The Digital Divide. [online] Available at: https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/3-ways-to-bridge-the-digital-divide [Accessed 3 Jun. 2016]. NITRD, N. (2016). NCO/NITRD Archives. [online] Nitrd.gov. Available at: https://www.nitrd.gov/PUBS/pitac/digital_divide/pres-2feb00-ddlrecs.aspx [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016]. OECD, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/sti/1888451.pdf [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016]. Social Media Explorer. (2012). Solutions to Today's Digital Divide. [online] Available at: https://www.socialmediaexplorer.com/social-media-marketing/solutions-to-todays-digital-divide/ [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016]. Streetdirectory.com. (2016). How To Bridge The Digital Divide. [online] Available at: https://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/119871/technology/how_to_bridge_the_digital_divide.html [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016]. Unpan1, (2016). [online] Available at: https://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un-dpadm/unpan049753.pdf [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016]. World Economic Forum. (2016). The top 10 nations for bridging the digital divide. [online] Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/04/which-nations-are-top-for-digital/ [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016].

Wuthering Heights (884 words) Essay Example For Students

Wuthering Heights (884 words) Essay Wuthering HeightsWhen Wuthering Heights was published it was blasted its contemporaries asobscene. They railed that Catherine and Heathcliff were the most immoral and ingeneral worst people they had ever had the misfortune of reading about. AlthoughWuthering Heights has taken its rightful place as masterwork of 19th centuryliterature and Emily Bront? has receive credit for her work, it is stillpossible to see where the early attacks are based. Heathcliff especially behavesin a very obtuse manner. The basis for this behavior is Heathcliffs bizarrelove/hate relationship with Catherine. His frustrated desire to be with hercauses him deep personal pain, which he transfers to other characters in asadistic attempt to force them to feel that pain as well. Heathcliff andCatherines relationship is neither stable nor in any way normal. Instead it isfull of violent emotions which are either soaring high or dashingly low, withvery little between the two. Catherine declares that she and Heathclif fWhatever souls are made of, his and mine are the same(73). We will write a custom essay on Wuthering Heights (884 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Heathcliff desires nothing more than to be with Catherine, but theirrelationship is undermined by the revelation that Catherine feels that itwould degrade me to marry Heathcliff . . .(73). Heathcliff was unsuitableto Catherine because he is poor with no family. However, Edgar Linton has bothand for those shallow reasons Catherine marries Edgar betraying Heathcliffsfeelings for her and her own feeling as well. Catherine had hoped to marry Edgarbut also to keep on loving Heathcliff as well, to have her cake and eat ittoo. The violence, hatred, love, and passion of Catherine andHeathcliffs relationship is encapsulated in their conversation onCatherines deathbed: He could hardly bear, for downright agony, tolook into her face. . . . She was fated, sure to die. ?Oh, Cathy! Oh, my life!How can I bear it?' . . . . . . . . . . . . ?I shall not pity you, not I. You have killed me? and thriven onit, I think. . . How may years do you mean to live on after I am gone? . . . .. . . . . . . . I shouldnt care what you suffered. I care nothing for yoursufferings. Why shouldnt you suffer? I do! . . . . . . . . . . . . ?You know you lie to say I have killed you: . . . I could as soonforget you as my own existence! Is it not sufficient for your infernalselfishness, that while you are at peace I shall writhe in the torments of hell?. . . . . . . . . . . . How cruel youve been?cruel and false. . . . . . .. . . . . . I have not broken your heart?you have broken it; and in breaking ithave broken mine. . . . What kind of living will it be when ? oh, God! Wouldyou like to live with your soul in the grave?'(147-48) Love and hate are soclosely entwined that they are both expressed in a single sentence. No one willcall that exchange ?normal but it contains the essence of theirrelationship. Despite the barbs of blame for the situation being thrown there isno doubt that Catherines death pains Heathcliff to the very soul. Heathcliffbecomes determined to share the pain caused by Catherines betrayal and herdeath. The victims of his deranged vengeance are Isabella Linton, Edgar Linton,Linton Heathcliff, and Catherine Linton II. The more the worms writhe, themore I yearn to crush out their entails!(140). Clearly a sadistic attitudeand one that makes it absolutely clear that Heathcliffs marriage to Isabella isa revenge on both Catherine and Edgar. The marriage of Heathcliff to hersister-in-law is emo tionally damaging to an already frail Catherine. Edgar, whodespises Heathcliff throughout the novel, is shock and very nearly disowns hissister for marrying a ruffian like Heathcliff. So Heathcliff gets vengeance onEdgar as well. Poor Isabella is caught with a man who does not, in fact never,loved her. She writes Nelly, . There is another motivation for themarriage: money. Though his marriage with Isabella Heathcliff has placed himselfin line for not just money, but Edgar Lintons money. With Catherine andIsabellas deaths and the birth of Catherine II and Linton Heathcliff,Heathcliff continues his manipulations into another generation. The forcedmarriage between first cousins Catherine II and Linton, with all is aaccompanying duplicity, is a the final act of revenge. The subsequent deaths ofEdgar Linton and Linton Heathcliff leave Wuthering Heights and the Grange inHeathcliffs possession. The vengeance is complete: Heathcliff has everythingdear to Edgar, his property and his daughter ; the younger Catherine, because hecould not control her mother and he may feels that shre should have been his andCatherines daughter; and Hinleys son is turning out to be another Heathcliff. .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 , .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 .postImageUrl , .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 , .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764:hover , .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764:visited , .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764:active { border:0!important; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764:active , .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: moralhf Laws vs. Morals in Mark Twain's The Advent EssayComplete victory for Heathcliff, but then a strange thing happens: Heathcliffstarts to mellow. He seems to realize that however complete his vengeance itgets him no closer to Catherine, her shade still wonders the moors. Heathcliffprofesses to Nelly, she has disturbed me, night and day, through eighteenyears (264). It is when Heathcliff prepares to spent eternity withCatherine that he final finds peace, with her and himself. Catherines coffin,buried for eighteen years, is dug up and a panel removed so Heathcliffsremains can mingle with hers. With Heathcliffs death there is at lastpeace at Wuthering Heights. He and Cat herine are together for all time. Theproperty, both Wuthering Height and the Grange have been returned to theirrightful owners Hareton Earshaw and Catherine II. Heathcliff had schemed toleave her destitute, but she will end up with both properties after her marriageto Hareton. A full circle has been completed and everything is as it should be,finally.

Human-Environment Interaction Essay Example

Human Human-Environment Interaction Paper Human-Environment Interaction Paper They interact with the environment by adjusting to climate conditions and by making active changes to places around them. Let us explore what had happened when an area called Woodside was discovered by new Americans, and what Human-Environmental Interactions were initiated by the humans there. Woodside is a neighborhood in the borough of Queens, which is located in New York City. It shares borders with the towns of Astoria, Masters, Sundered, Elmhurst and Jackson Heights. The first settlers that came to Woodside in 18th century were farmers. They discovered that he sloping grounds and the climate conditions in the area were appropriate for growing crops and raising cattle. Lots of trees had to be taken down to make room for farm land. Destruction of wooded areas, created by humans, contributed to the extinction of wild life as a direct result of a natural habitat loss. At first, Woodside was a swamp in the 17th and 1 8th centuries. Later, in the 19th century settlers drained the land. The environment influenced humans by the gravity by keeping everything and us on the ground, instead of floating in the air. The storms in Woodside created blackouts and loss of power and internet. In the second part of 19th century Woodside environment took another significant change due to a large residential development. Rows of houses were built, destroying more trees and fertile soil, to accommodate new comers: families of Irish Americans. By the sass about eighty present (%) of the neighborhood population were Irish. During the 20th century farms were quickly disappearing as roads, train tracks, schools, churches, stores, and commercial buildings were erected. Less space was left for parks and green grass to grow. Some private houses were taken down to accommodate apartment buildings, making the area to be even more populated. The new people that arrived in bigger numbers and different diversities (Italians, Koreans, Chinese, Filipinos, Latino, Indians, Bangladesh and Pakistanis) were settling in Woodside and were attracted by the close proximity to Manhattan, availability of jobs at factories and the well- developed transportation routes. The amount of busses and cars needed to eve people around had to grow as well, which contributed to air pollution with toxic fumes. The Woodside that we know today is a vibrant community with many cultures mixed together. People of the neighborhood have to learn the importance of human interaction with the environment. They have to be more responsible and take actions to reduce negative impacts on the community by consuming less, recycling, choosing cleaner fuels to fill cars and heat homes, planting more trees. Each of us by contributing a small part can help to build a better and cleaner future for all, who call Woodside home.

2008 Presidential Debates Essay Example for Free

2008 Presidential Debates Essay ? The October 7 debate, sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates, took place in Belmont University, Nashville, Tennessee and Tom Brokaw (NBC News) was the moderator. Questions were selected from thousands of online messages and were based on domestic and foreign policy. Overall, the issue that dominated the debate was the economy with both candidates pointing out the mistakes of the past and laying down their plan for the future. Senator Obama and McCain on the economy Senator Obama started with pointing out that the country is in the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression and people are worried by about their jobs, pensions and their ability to send their children to schools. Senator Obama stated that the crisis was as a result of failed economic policies of the George Bush regime. Obama emphasized on regulating Wall Street, cracking down on CEOs and making sure they don’t get bonuses and giving the middle class tax cuts. Senator McCain puts the blame on the democrats in the senate and in the congress who defended Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Senator McCain plan is to stabilize home values and buy up bad loans. He also does not propose any tax cuts or increases. Senator Obama and McCain on energy Senator McCain’s plan is to enhance the use of nuclear energy since it is, as he puts it, safe and reliable. An added advantage of nuclear energy, according to him, is that the nuclear fuel spent can be reprocessed. Senator Obama puts energy among his top priority issues should he go ahead and win the presidency. He states that high gas prices are not only a strain to the family budget but also a threat to national security since countries like Russia and Venezuela were benefiting from high oil prices. Obama proposes a $15 billion ten year plan to guarantee independence from Middle Eastern oil. Senator Obama and McCain on health care Senator Obama proposes to lower the cost of premiums by up to $2,500 a year by investing in prevention. He puts emphasis on using information technology so that medical records are put in computers rather than in hospital forms. Senator McCain notes how everyone is struggling with health care and proposes giving every American a $5,000 refundable tax credit so that they can get their health care insurance. The October 15 debate took place in Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York and Bob Schieffer (CBS News) was the moderator. Focus on that day was on domestic policy. Senator McCain and Obama on economy Senator McCain once again blamed the input that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac had that caused the housing market to collapse. Of the $700 billion allocated, McCain proposes to use 300 of that to buy the home loan mortgages and negotiate with home owners. Senator Obama reiterates that the financial rescue plan is an important step and proposes ending tax breaks for companies shipping jobs oversees and provide tax credit for companies creating jobs domestically. Senator Obama and McCain on energy Senator McCain plans to stop spending $700 billion annually in other countries on energy. He plans on investing in wind, tide, natural gas, nuclear and offshore drilling. He also suggests that Senator Obama is opposed to such initiatives. Senator Obama says that investing in a serious energy policy should help America to stop borrowing from China and spending in Saudi Arabia. Senator Obama and McCain on climate change The issue of energy and climate change goes hand in hand. Obama again talks of his plan to stop foreign oil dependence and making the oil companies drill from their unused land. He also says that he has focused on putting resource into solar, wind, bio-diesel and geothermal. Senator McCain points out the importance of starting offshore drilling right away. 2008 Presidential Debates. (2016, Nov 08).

Analyze how globalization has impacted political and economic systems Essay

Analyze how globalization has impacted political and economic systems and appreciate America's role within global, political, - Essay Example North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA), Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) etc are some of the regional trade blocs formed to exploit the opportunities of globalization. This paper focuses more on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) to analyze the impacts of these trade blocs on globalization. Impacts of globalization on political and economic systems The history and formation of the trade bloc Since the mid-1980s there has been a profound change in the structure of the international economy due to the widespread growth and internal enhancement of regional trading blocs in all parts of the globe. The World Trade Organization (WTO), for example, notes that almost all of its 134 members are signatories to regional trade agreements with other countries. As of February 1999 the GATT/WTO has been notified of 184 regional trade agreements of which 109 are currently in effect. These re gional trade groups, according to Fred Bergsten of the Institute for International Economics, account for approximately 60 percent of world trade. The United States, Mexico, and Canada created a free-trade area (NAFTA) that became effective in January 1994 (Reardon et al, 2002) NAFTA has proposals to expand the size of this trade bloc to the entire American continent. Same way, Agreement on South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) was formed on January 6, 2004 at Islamabad, Pakistan during the 12th SAARC summit. The members of this trade bloc are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The role that the countries involved in the trade bloc play in the global economy â€Å"Regional trade blocs have the effect of lessening trade restrictions between members, while increasing or standardizing trade restrictions for non-members. In terms of worldwide trade, the net effect is arguable† (Reardon et al, 2002). One of the major barriers in increasing trade acti vities between different countries before the entry of globalization was the governmental trade restrictions imposed by countries. Globalization has brought the concept of free trade between countries and many of the countries which implemented globalization started liberalize the governmental restrictions on trade activities between countries. American economy has the ability to affect the entire global economy. Any fluctuations taking place in American economy is watched with lot of concerns by other countries because of the increasing interdependence of global economy and the trade activities many of the global countries have with America. However, most of these liberalizations of trade rules between countries were taken place between countries which have warm relationships. Countries in the same region with political and economic problems between them have failed to liberalize trade rules. Such problems created more problems to other countries also in doing free trade activities . For example, India and Pakistan are enemy countries and their enmity created problems in signing an agreement between Iran and India in establishing a gas pipe line from Iran to India through Pakistan. However, the formation of SAFTA helped these enemy countries to assemble under one umbrella and currently the problems in establishing the gas line is going to be solved amicably. In short, countries started to realize that the

Toxicology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Toxicology - Research Paper Example Furthermore, epidemiologic studies have established that cigarette smoking seriously aggravates the symptoms of asbestosis and increases the risk of cancer. However, the synergistic interaction between tobacco smoking and inhalation of asbestos remains yet to be established and is subject to hypothesis. Asbestos as well as tobacco smoke is a well-established lung carcinogen. It is known that inhaled asbestos fibers remain in the lungs for years eventually assisting in the formation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species that subsequently cause excessive scarring, tissue injury, and cellular growth in the lungs via large scale loss of chromosomes. Although several hypothesis has been put forward to explain the multiplicative effects of asbestos and tobacco smoke, it is possible that asbestos fibers on the lungs surface concentrate the tobacco carcinogens thereby enhancing delivery of the large amounts of carcinogens to the nucleus of the target cell. Indeed, this hypothesis is s upported by a modeling experiment in which it was shown that phospholipids coating the lung epithelium adhere to the asbestos fibers, which ultimately enhance the hydrophobicity of the fiber (Gerde & Scholander, 1988).

The Darkness Out There Essay Example for Free

The Darkness Out There Essay In this essay I am going to compare the differences and similarities between, the opening chapter of a nineteenth century novel called Great Expectations written by Charles Dickens, and a modern short story called The Darkness Out There written by Penelope Lively.  Great Expectations is a child-hood memory, told by an adult. The story is about a young orphan called Pip, who lived with his sister, and his brother in law who is the towns blacksmith. Pip does a good deed one night for a convict who has escaped prison. This is not mentioned after a while in the story. Pip then finds out that he has a benefactor who has left him a large sum of money to live with in the capital city, London. Pip wished to be a gentlemen when he was young, the benefactor helped make this wish come true. Whilst living in London Pip begins to forget his roots and look down upon people who are of lower status to him. Later on in the novel Pip discovers that his secret benefactor is the convict he helped when he was a youth. The Darkness Out There is about a young girl called Sandra who has high hopes for her future; in the story Sandra joins a club, which helps the elderly in her community. She and another boy meet an old woman called Mrs. Rutter who lives in a small cottage near a place called; Packers End. In the story Sandra finds out many things about Mrs. Rutter, which is in contrast to her outward appearance. In the story Sandra and her friend discovers many secrets about her life as a young woman during the war. Sandra later teaches herself a lesson; not to judge people by their appearance or how they treat you. The setting in the opening paragraphs of Great Expectations is in a graveyard; bleak place overgrown with nettles was the churchyard it is a dark and isolated flat wilderness. The setting reflects how Pip is feeling; he is very cold and in a highly emotional state. And that the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry, was Pip. The story The Darkness Out There opens with a sunny pleasant setting; she walked through flowers, the girl, ox-eye daises and vetch and cow parsley, keeping to the track at the sedge of the field, this is in contrast to the title, which involves darkness. Packers End, is where most of is told, is also in contrast to the bright sunny opening setting; The dark reach of spinney came right to the gate there so that she would have to walk by the edge Sandra is afraid of Packers End; You didnt go by yourself through Packers End if you could help it, not after tea-time, anyway. Many rumours were told about Packers End. When Sandra was young she believed that Witches and wolves and tigers. Sometimes theyd go there for a dare. As a child she grew afraid of Packers End. As she got older the rumours changed to ghosts of German pilots who were left there to die! She wouldnt go there for a thousand pounds. Pip is a young orphan who is living with his sister and brother-in-law; both his parents have died they died was Pip was a very young child. We know this because Pip does not know what his parents look like so he constantly visits their graves. His sister does not speak about their parents, maybe because she thinks he is too young. Pip is in search of his identity. Pip was small for his age; though I was at that time under-sized, for my years, and not strong. When Pip is in the graveyard he feels like as if he is spiritually with his entire family; which is maybe why he is at the graveyard a lot, but knowing they have passed away. Pip has a very vast or vivid imagination; we know this when he tries to picture his parents by looking at the way the names are carved out on the gravestones. To show that he gave a lot of respect to his elders, he spoke to the convict using the word sir. Pip was a brave character, because he keeps his word with the convict and also swears an oath. In the opening paragraphs Pip was very vulnerable the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry, was Pip. The convicts character is very aggressive; his opening line is a command. Hold your noise! Cried a terrible voice, as a man started up from among the graves at the side of the church porch. He was also in hiding before he made his appearance; he could have been watching him all along! The convict also threatens him, keep still, you little devil, or Ill cut your throat! He continues to talk aggressively. The convict has continuously threatened Pip but has never harmed him. Then later on he learns that Pip has no parents. Pip is very little compared to the convict. Near the end the convicts finds out that Pips brother-in-law is the village blacksmith, so he orders Pip to get him some food (wittles) and a file he intimidated him to do so by tilting him after each command and then at the end he threatened him by saying; Or Ill have your heart and liver out. The convict reinforces his threats by involving another man which he says is worse than him, he says that he is finding it difficult from keeping the man away from Pip. Near the end of the novel we find out the Pips benefactor is the convict himself.

Capital Punishment Essay -- essays research papers

Capital punishment is the execution of criminals by the state for committing crimes so wicked that it is the only acceptable punishment. The debate over the death penalty has endured for years and has become increasingly controversial. According to an article written by Richard Worsnop, entitled "Death Penalty Debate Centers on Retribution," in 1966, 42% of Americans were in favor of capital punishment while 47% were opposed to it; in 1986, support for capital punishment was 80% for and only 17% against with 3% undecided. Most of the undecided voters said they would support capital punishment, if they had to vote on it immediately. Currently, public approval of the death penalty is about 70%. While some people are opposed to capital punishment, the majority is in favor of it. Therefore, the United States government should strictly enforce capital punishment in every state. Admittedly, the act of killing someone is immoral and "Thou shall not kill" is one of God's commandments. However, if it were not for the threat of execution, the murder rate in the United States would be far greater. According to the United States Bureau of Justice bulletin on capital punishment (1989), from 1955 to 1965, there were 78,500 murders and 351 executions in the United States; but from 1966 to 1976, when the death penalty was weakened, 288,310 murders were committed and only six executions were carried out. In order for capital punishment to work as d...

Effect of Electronic Media on Children Essay

The media has demonstrated otentially profound effects, both positive and negative, on children’s cognitive, social, and behavioral development. Considering the increasing exposure of children to newer forms of media, we decided to review the current literature on the effects of media on child health both in the Western countries and India. It is widely accepted that media has profound influence on child health, including violence, obesity, tobacco and alcohol use, and risky sexual behaviors. Simultaneously, media may have some positive effects on child health. We need to find ways to optimize the role of edia in our society, taking advantage of their positive attributes and minimizing their negative ones. We need to understand better how to reverse the negative impact of media and make it more positive. Key words: Media, Child, India. ne of the notable changes in our social environment in the 21st century has been the saturation of our culture and daily lives by the mass media.

Governments and corporations Essay

There was no question of ownership of oil, water and other resources freely available in the environment before governments and/or private companies claimed ownership of these resources with the pronouncement that they would process and distribute these resources fairly. Poverty is a result of unfair distribution of resources. Moreover, environmental degradation ensues when governments or corporations are too greedy for immediate profits to consider the environmental impact of their business decisions. Surely environmental degradation accompanies loss of life. On the other hand, sustainable development is defined as â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (â€Å"Adaptation to Climate Change in the Context of Sustainable Development†). The United Nations Economic and Social Council reports the following as an illustration of the ill effects of unsustainable development: †¦[The] rate of agricultural production growth at the global level has been about 2. 3 per cent between 1970 and 1990 and thus has exceeded population growth so that per capita supplies of food have increased. However, wide regional disparities remain: the situation improved greatly in East Asia but worsened in sub-Saharan Africa. There still remain large numbers of under-nourished people in developing countries†¦ The relentless exploitation of the natural resource base to achieve an increased level of agricultural production has resulted in increased natural resource scarcity and environmental degradation (â€Å"Promoting Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development†). The following case of the Aral Sea sheds greater light on the fact of natural resources being exploited when governments and/or corporations refuse to consider the trade-off that the concept of sustainable development is built upon. Situated southwest of Kazakhstan, northwest of Uzbekistan, and east of the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea is presently a salt lake. Until the 1970s, the Aral Sea was the world’s fourth largest lake, fed by the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers (â€Å"Aral Sea†). When the dictator Josef Stalin rose to power in 1941, and right up to his death in 1953, he desired to make the Soviet Union self-sufficient in cotton, which is used for both gunpowder and clothing. Hence, the successors of Stalin during the 1960s and 1970s allowed an unlimited amount of irrigation water to be tapped from both the Amu Darya in the south and the Syr Darya in the northeast – to quench the thirst of the cotton fields (â€Å"Dike Built To Revive Aral Sea; Soviet-Era Policies Turned World’s Third-Largest Lake into Saline Hazard†). According to environmentalists, cotton grown in a desert is sure to result in immense wastage of water. On the other hand, smaller quantities of water may be used to produce abundant food. Moreover, it has been claimed that the Uzbeks use a rather wasteful procedure to irrigate their cotton from the Amu Darya. Even after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of its republics, the government of Uzbekistan has continued its old ruinous policy, as cotton happens to be the principle hard-currency earner for the landlocked republic in west central Asia. Hence, the world’s fourth largest lake that once supplied approximately fifty thousand tons of fish every year or one hundred pounds of fish per acre has lost a staggering ninety percent of its volume. And, this has happened in the past half century alone. Most of the fish in the Aral Sea have died because the water has turned too salty to be inhabitable (â€Å"Dike Built To Revive†). The Soviet policy of using unlimited water from the rivers that fed the Aral Sea has been referred to as a bad one because the successors of Stalin, and now Uzbekistan’s government, failed to take into consideration the science behind dried former sea beds. As though the death of fish is not a big deal, a dried former sea bed also spawns dust storms spreading salt, pesticides and fertilizers. This is exactly what happened in the case of the Aral Sea, as the area’s already fragile semi desert was ultimately damaged, turning its people into some of the unhealthiest on the planet. Here, anemia figures top ninety percent (â€Å"Dike Built To Revive†). Of course, the Aral Sea disaster is a typical illustration of governmental policies gone astray. Then there are corporations that refuse to consider that the natural environment is built on cause-and-effect relationships just like business management. In early September 2006, a toxic waste dumping scandal of truly globalized proportions came to light in the Ivory Coast. The Probo-Koala, a tanker chartered by the London-based shipping company, Tranfigura, set off from Amsterdam carrying four hundred metric tons of petrochemical waste to dump in Abidjan, the port city of the Ivory Coast (Vidal; â€Å"Ivory Coast Toxic Tanker Impounded by Estonia†). Tranfigura informed the Amsterdam Port Services that the waste was absolutely â€Å"conventional† (Vidal). However, it was later discovered that the waste contained hydrogen sulfide, which happens to be a poisonous gas, smelling as rotten eggs (â€Å"Ivory Coast Toxic Tanker†). At least ten people lost their lives in the weeks immediately following the incident in the Ivory Coast (Vidal). Moreover, seventy five thousand people sought medical treatment with complaints of nausea, nose bleeds, breathlessness, vomiting, diarrhea, skin damage, headaches, and swollen stomachs (Vidal; â€Å"Ivory Coast Toxic Tanker†). Undoubtedly, if the corporation responsible for sending toxic waste to the Ivory Coast had been conscientious to begin with, lives would have been saved. Even so, maximization of profits is the goal of all producers. Depending on the moralities of their owners and managers, they may or may not believe in the need to behave ethically. Unfortunately, many for-profit businesses around the globe are known to engage in unethical practices, which is the reason why the government must step in to regulate markets and the practices of various business ventures when it is believed that doing so would be of benefit to society. Governments have the right to charge corporations for the damages they inflict upon people and their environment. Then again, as the example of Aral Sea shows, even governments may fail to understand that the environment, like business, is built on cause and effect relationships. As expected, governments that make bad policies or wrong choices may only profit in the short run. In the long run, everyone must pay for faulty policies. Those who are subjected to such governments have to pay through the disastrous effects of bad policies on an immediate level. Their fault seems to be that they did not protest soon enough the bad policies of their governments. Regardless of whether they are able to do so, the fact remains that unbridled profit seeking behavior at the expense of the environment costs lives. Works Cited â€Å"Adaptation to Climate Change in the Context of Sustainable Development. † United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Sustainable Development. 8 May 2009. . â€Å"Aral Sea. † The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th edition. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. â€Å"Dike Built To Revive Aral Sea; Soviet-Era Policies Turned World’s Third-Largest Lake into Saline Hazard. † The Washington Times (1 Oct 2005), p. A08. â€Å"Ivory Coast Toxic Tanker Impounded by Estonia. † Environmental News Service. 28 Sep 2006. 8 May 2009. . â€Å"Promoting Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development. † United Nations Economic and Social Council. 11-28 Apr 1995. 8 May 2009. .

Should You Send Old or New SAT Scores Expert Guide

Should You Send Old or New SAT Scores Expert Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you've taken the old SAT and the redesigned SAT, you may be wondering which scores you should send to colleges. Should you send all your scores? Should you just send your results from the test with the highest average section scores? In this article, I'll explain the factors to consider when determining whether you should send old or new SAT scores. General Differences Between Old and New SAT Scores The old SAT was out of 2400 and the new one is out of 1600. The new SAT combines Reading and Writing into one section score out of 800. Reading and Writing were two separate sections on the old SAT, and both were out of 800. Also, the essay was a mandatory component of the Writing section on the old SAT. Now, the essay is optional- it's its own section and it doesn't impact your overall SAT score. Some schools will require the essay on the new SAT, so check the requirements of the colleges you're applying to. Here's a more thorough breakdown of the old SAT vs. the new one. Most Schools Accept Both the Old and New SATs For the classes of 2017 and 2018, the vast majority of schools will accept scores from the old SAT and the redesigned SAT, but make sure you check the specific policies for the schools you’re applying to. You have to send the scores that the school will accept, and while most colleges will accept scores from either version, some may only accept scores from the new SAT. For example, Yale will accept scores from the old SAT for the classes of 2017 and 2018, but will only accept scores from the new SAT for the classes of 2019 and beyond. Northwestern will accept scores from the old test for the class of 2017, but it's one of the few schools that won't accept scores from the old test for the class of 2018. Look at each school’s website to find its requirements. If you can’t find information there, call the admissions office. Some colleges may only accept scores from the new SAT. Why Does It Matter Which Scores You Send? If you’ve taken the old SAT and the current SAT, you may think that you can send scores from both tests and that colleges will just consider your highest section scores or your highest overall score. Actually, though, that may not be true. Most Schools Don't Superscore Between the Old and New SAT Superscoring is the process by which colleges consider your highest section scores across all dates you took the SAT. Even schools that do superscore are unlikely to do so between the old test and the current one. If you did better on Reading on the old test and better on Math on the new one, colleges probably won't consider both section scores when evaluating your SAT scores. New SAT Scores Are Slightly Inflated Also, schools most likely won’t just focus on the higher overall score between the two tests because scores on the new test are somewhat inflated. For example, an 1100 on the new SAT is equivalent to a 1020 on the Critical Reading and Math sections of the old SAT. Therefore, if you averaged 550 per section on the new SAT and a 520 per section on the old SAT, you actually did better on the old SAT despite having a higher score on the new one. What matters to colleges isn't your score but how well you did relative to other college applicants. What Should You Do? Here are the various options you have if you’re deciding between sending your old scores and new scores. Send Both You’ll have to use this option for colleges that require you to send all your scores. If you're given a choice, sending scores from the old test and the new one may be a good option if you did significantly better on Reading or Math on one test vs. the other, but your overall scores were comparable. Even if the school won’t superscore between the two tests, they’ll be less likely to think you have any skill deficiencies. For example, let’s say you got a 650 in Math on the old test and a 500 in Critical Reading. If, on the new test, you got a 620 on Reading and Writing and a 550 on Math, your overall scores would be similar, but the old test would show much stronger math skills and the new test results would show stronger reading comprehension. Therefore, you can send both if your section scores on the different versions of the test show different strengths or minimize your weaknesses. Also, you may want to send both if you reached your target scores on both the old and the new tests. If you got a 2300 on the old test and a 1590 on the new test, feel free to send both scores. Showing good scores on two different tests may be more impressive to colleges. Use Concordance Tables and Send the Best Score Remember that the scores on the new SAT aren’t equivalent to those on the old SAT; the scores on the new test are slightly higher. Therefore, the SAT has created concordance tables to convert new scores to old scores and vice versa. You can use these tables to determine which score is best and then send the best score. This option probably makes the most sense for the majority of students. Send the Old SAT The argument for just sending your scores from the old SAT is that colleges are much more familiar with the old SAT and may be able to more easily interpret your scores. This could be a good option for students who did the same or better on the old SAT. Because scores on the new SAT are slightly inflated, an equivalent score on the old SAT is more impressive. What's Next? If you've taken the ACT, check out this post for conversion tables from the ACT to the old and new SAT. If you're studying for the new SAT, learn why using Khan Academy isn't enough. Finally, check out this post to understand the importance of the SAT. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Social Contract on Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Contract on Healthcare - Essay Example It can be viewed as a service industry in which the consumers are patients who buy health services. In other words, the same criteria apply such as quality of service, reasonable costs and timely delivery of a needed health care service all determine whether a healthcare provider succeeds or not.   The United States health care system is largely a private enterprise and so is motivated mostly by the profit incentive (Porter & Teisberg, 2004, p. 1) unlike that of other countries like Japan or the United Kingdom, where the healthcare industry is almost socialist in its nature as it is a state-controlled sector of their economies. There is supposed to be healthy competition in this industry but experience shows otherwise; the quality has deteriorated and costs have risen greatly over the years due to distortions or externalities in the system. The famous â€Å"invisible hand† of the economist Adam Smith is not working in this industry, whereby individuals acting singly for thei r own benefit is supposed to improve society as a whole (Smith, 1776, p. 28). Some factors causing this market distortion is that the pricing system is not transparent. The right price is supposed to regulate the demand and supply in this industry, just like any other industry, where pricing is the mechanism by which free markets operate in a capitalist economic system. The healthcare industry is no longer what it once was, a perfectly competitive market, but replaced by an oligopolistic setup due to the mergers and acquisitions taking place where the industry continues to undergo further consolidation among the service providers.  Ã‚  

Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Pollution - Essay Example â€Å"Total six percent of maritime transport of the world is done through and on the coasts of Red Sea. Red Sea is connected to Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, Sudan, Israel, Yemen, and Djibouti. Not only is the maritime trade, tourism also one of the most significant factors†. (Nasser, 2003). Red sea is one amazing body of water with high salinity and wonderful marine life which attracts hundreds and thousands of people from around the world every year. It is stuck among some of the most important countries of the world, hence all the Tourism. Despite all the beauty and utility, the security and survival of the sea is a major concern. Red Sea’s coral reef, eco system, and marine life is in danger because of the oil spill, waste dump by all the surrounding countries, mighty natural evaporation and lack of input by any rivers, and last but not the least is absence of awareness among the government and responsible people about the issue. Red Sea is no longer a scene of pure nature and complete harmony. Unnecessary buildings in the form of hotels and restaurants in order to accommodate tourists, has also diminished the natural and awe and beauty of the place. The concerns of the area not restricted. There are numerous problems affecting Red Sea. One of which is unrestricted fishery. The adjoining countries have been unable in bringing about effective rules and regulations for fishery and the consequence is disappearance of world’s precious species and marine life. Apart from unhindered developments of tourist resorts and unrestricted fishery, Oil spill in the area is also a huge concern. Since the sea is a major connection connecting Europe with Asia, it has numerous ships in waters at bays all the time and this causes mighty pollution. One of the factors to be understood is that the Countries that surround the sea are oil rich countries. They export oil and their oil rigs are almost constantly present in the sea and they

ENGLISH COMPOSITION I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ENGLISH COMPOSITION I - Essay Example The emphasis of the sentence is placed on Jane as the reader is meant to be drawn to the idea of Jane first and foremost. If the emphasis is to be placed on the recipient of the action, passive voice is used. For instance, â€Å"The paper was written by Jane† is in passive voice. The attention is placed on the paper when written this way. Placing a sentence in the passive voice is also a semantic trick that can be used to de-emphasize a role played by the actor. For instance, saying â€Å"mistakes were made† does not place the blame on any one person, while â€Å"Jane made mistakes† places the blame firmly in Jane. Tense in a sentence refers to the grammatical quality which relates when an action has taken place. The main tenses are past, present, and future. For example, â€Å"Jane wrote the paper† is past tense, â€Å"Jane writes the paper† is present, and â€Å"Jane will write the paper† is future tense. These, however, are not the only tenses. These are used to even further define the conditions of a sentence, such as present continuous and present perfect. Present continuous refers to an action that is currently taking place, such as â€Å"Jane is writing the paper,† and present perfect refers to is used to refer to an action that has taken place recently or in general, such as â€Å"Jane has written the paper.† Past tenses and future tenses also have various ways to define further when exactly an action has taken

Introduction to Construction Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Introduction to Construction Management - Essay Example I learned to be a creative thinker, which helps me a lot in my real life. The class increased my personal effectiveness. I enhanced my reading skills, research skills, and developed the capacity to take multiple-choice tests. I learned how to become a better note taker during lectures, and learning about personal values. Indeed, I learned how to record and differentiate main points from minor points in a strategic manner. The class taught me how to become a good time manager since I had to attend classes, discussions, extra-curriculum activities, meals, and work on part time basis. Moreover, the Ethics chapter helped me a lot in my senior project class. Indeed, college experience incorporates personal values and ethics into every aspect of life. I maintained honesty, accountability, and persistence during my college experience. I also enjoyed the visiting people for compassion. They taught us about their fields and what they do. Also, they lectured us on the safety standards they use in their companies and how they keep up with them. Also I learned new ways to find sources using the library website and some other websites. If I had taken this class in my first semester, I would have utilized all the strategies I learned in it. That would have made me a better student. I also learned to be a critical thinker where I had to make wise and independent decisions to succeed in my first year that was quite challenging. I made a critical decision of majoring in Mechanical Engineering Technology to discover new ideas in construction management, and to fulfill my graduation requirements. I believe that the class is one of the best classes, but since it focuses on freshmen, I would do more out of class activities. I would make visits to the different labs we have on campus, and teach more about the machines we have in these labs. It would have been better

Psychodynamic Theories: Social Behaviour

Psychodynamic Theories: Social Behaviour This essay uses the ecological and the psychodynamic theories to explain social behaviour, predict the outcomes and formulate the hypothesis thus making an initial assessment on the Banks family. The essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each of the theories, the similarities and the differences between both of them and it will conclude that human life and behaviour is such a strong illustration that a single theory cannot satisfactorily account for all events across the life span. However, it will assert that in regard to the Banks family, the ecological model has an advantage over the psychodynamic theory because it holistically encompasses number of issues such as financial security, material benefits, housing, and parents history among others which do have effects on the risk of child abuse. The issues identified in the Banks family include; Marks bullying, identity issues, and Kens negative early life transactions and his relationship with Mark. To address these issues, the social work will use the ecological theory. The reason for choosing the ecological theory is because it is compatible with the assessment framework (2000)(DOH 2000a) as it links family history, genes, parents and their off springs relationship, economic factors, parental relationship experiences, individuals ability to cope or manage the stress and the interactive effect of risks (Ciccheti and Valentino: 2006). Therefore, basing on the ecological perspective, the social work will have to work within Marks ecology (Bilson Ross: 1999 p.70-71) to find out the difficulties that the family might be facing and to also find possible solution (Ward: 1995). The social worker will explore the three ecological dimensions which are; Marks developmental needs, Mel and Kens parenting capacity and family environmental factors (D.O.H 2000a). The social workers will initiate an honest and open partnership with the family with an aim of safeguarding and promoting the welfare of Mark and his siblings. This will be for the parents to feel confident thus engaging in the assessment by providing relevant information about Mark, Mel and John, themselves. He should also endeavour to find out about Marks paternity and any genetic inheritance or temperament issues that might exist between Mark and his biological father (Aldgate and Bradley 1999). The social work will explore the parents history by requesting them to describe who they are and the trend of their relationship with Mark. This framework will help the social worker to amalgamate the historical and current information about the family, its functioning, problems and relationships (Reder and Duncan: 1999 p.98-101) with the view of finding out what is happening to Mark in the context of the entire Banks family and the environmental factors and how they affect the family relationships. Other issues that will have to be looked into are; the family income, neighbourhood and Marks friendships with his peers. This is because there is a link between the familys economic disadvantage and the chances that children in the family will not prosper (Utting :1995, Jack: 1997) It is also notable that Ken is securely attached to his biological children (Mel and John) and not to Mark who is his step-child. That should trigger the social workers curiosity thence exploring both the parents emotional availability, responsiveness, and their ascriptions to Mark and compare it with the way they interact with Mel and John. This can be done through direct observation, questioning and gathering testimonies from other significant people including professionals such as the general practitioner and the teachers (Department of Health 2000a). The social l worker will also explore Kens childhood experiences because they might be influencing or causing effect to his relationship with Mark (Sroufe et al 2005: p.10). This implies that the quality of care that Ken is providing Mark might in itself be a product of his own developmental history which is characterised by having been in care during childhood, having no father figure, thus his strained relationship with his mother (Cicchetti and Valentino: 2006 p.148). It is also notable that all Marks efforts to know his biological father proved to be futile. And because of this, Mark might be experiencing identity issues such as low self- esteem, poor self-image and a poor sense of belonging and acceptance by the family hence his negative behaviour (Draper Draper: 1982, p.26). For this reason, the social worker should ensure that he gathers as much information about Marks biological father as possible just in case Mark expresses wishes to see or to know about him. In regard to Marks bullying problem, the social worker would carry out direct work with him. In order to minimise the anti discriminatory and anti oppression practice, the social worker will have to consider his age, gender and culture, religion and any disability or developmental issues. He will have to acknowledge and respect Marks wishes, feelings and his understanding of the implications of the situation in which he finds himself thus making the assessment child centred (DOH 2000a). The social worker would also explore Marks friendships and how the interaction therein influences his negative behaviour (Rutter et al, 1998). At the end of the session, depending on what the social worker makes out of Marks behaviour and his social-emotional condition he may refer Mark for psychological assessment to further establish his emotional wellbeing. The outcome of the psychological assessment will then be used during the core assessment to inform the appropriate plan of intervention to ensure Mark development, safety and wellbeing (Department of Health 2000a) Advantages of the ecological theory. The advantage of using ecological approach is that it focuses on the relationships in transactions between the systems in the ecology thus minimising the predisposition of the professionals to think exclusively in linear terms thus adapting a wide range of intervention hence exploring issues such as social support, social capital and socio-economic difficulties that people experience (Garbarino 1990). The ecological perspective is an integrated model which acknowledges the effects of the biological, psychological social and economic factors that affect the well-being of individuals (Payne, 1994). Disadvantages of using the ecological theory? Despite all the advantages of the ecological approach, it is a long process for families or individuals who need quick solutions for their problems (Payne 1997). The psychodynamic approach Another theory that can be used to interpret the Banks familys phenomena, predict the outcomes and formulate the hypothesis is the psychodynamic theory. The reason for choosing the psychodymic theory is that it emphasises supporting the ego which is a reality element of the mind hence providing stability and equilibrium to the service user. Through using this approach, the social worker will be able to support Ken and Mark to develop adequate ego strength which will enable then to manage their emotional conflicts and the snags that they may come across in the life span (Goldstein: 1984). It is notable that both Mark and Ken do have unresolved issues or conflicts which do have roots from their individual childhoods. For that reason, the social worker will explore Ken and Marks conscious and unconscious parts of the minds there by making any reserved painful materials therein conscious hence realising their impact on their surface behaviour (Bee and Boyd, 2006). By focussing on Mark and Kens past and present unconscious and conscious feelings, the social worker may to be able to predict and explain how Mark and Ken may behave during certain situations or conditions. This is underpinned by the psychodynamic principle that all behaviour is motivated (Bee and Boyd, 2006). Due to the emotional issues already identified, the social worker may explore the how both Mark and Kens egos function and their defence mechanisms. Through respecting and working with their defences, the social worker is ought to recognise the threats that both Mark and Ken face in life and he will discuss the consequences and confusion of their feelings. The social worker would also find out how both Mark and Ken have already tried to resolve the conflicts before deciding either to look for other possible ways of dealing with it for example using sublimation or to modify the ways that they have already tried to use (Hollis, 1972). In regard to anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practice, it is helpful to devote the assessment within the framework or perspective of recognising the implication of structural and individuals oppressive practice which leads professionals into an authoritarian and rigidly discriminatory practice (Davis, ed., 2000:12,14 cited in Becket Maynard: 2005 p.158). This implies that during assessment, professionals are ought to listen and also respect and take into consideration the service users and carers views, choices, age, culture, religion and needs as this makes them feel valued and respected (Brandon, 1990: p.59 cited in Becket Maynard, 2005: p.158). Additionally, Payne (1997: p.89) advises that in professional relationship, social work values involve being tolerant to service users behaviour, promoting healthy client-social worker relationship, rather than personal emotional responses to service users needs. This may mean that professionals are ought to create professional instead of personal relationships with the service users which might negatively affect their independence and impartiality. Advantages of the psychodynamic theory The advantage of the psychodynamic theory in social work is that it recognises the impact of past painful life transactional processes and helps to create beneficial suspicions about them in relation to the current observable behaviours (Milner OByrne 2009). The psychodynamic theory also lays emphasis on modifying the ego through initiating good client-social worker relationship (Goldstein: 1984), thus improving peoples relationships within their environment (Payne 1997:80). The disadvantages of the psychodynamic theory. However, critics of the psychodynamic theory such as Dorfman (1998: P.70) contend that it is an andocentric theory. This implies that the psychodynamic theory is based on research that was done solely on males and then taken to mean all human behaviour which itself is a bias in favour of males and thus partial. Similarity and differences btn the psycho and eco theory. One of the similarities between the psychodynamic and the ecological theory is that both of them consider age and stage appropriateness of behaviour. While the psychodynamic theory takes into account the anal, oral and phallic stages of development, the ecological- transactional perspective views child development as a progressive sequence of age and stage -appropriate tasks in which success at each developmental level must co-ordinate and integrate with the environment and other issues such as emotion regulation, and formation of attachment relationships among others that emerge across the lifespan (Cicchetti and Valentiono 2006 p.143). Although these two theories do have the above similarity, they also have differences. For example, while the psychodynamic theory upholds the concept of the existence of the unconscious mind or awareness (Payne 1997), the ecological perspective focuses on the principle of interaction among the individuals and it also depicts individuals as existing in relation to others in the ecology (Reder and Duncan 1999 p.98-101). In relation to child abuse, Sidebotham et al (2002) argue that the psychodynamic models are deficient to give explanation in this regard and he calls for the use of the ecological models because they include a number of issues such as financial security, material benefits, housing, and parents history among others which do have effects on the risk of child abuse. Conclusion Given the complexity of the Banks family phenomena, the quest to explain the behaviour, predict the outcomes and formulate the hypothesis requires one to use theories otherwise; the assessment would be directionless and woolly. Therefore, this essay has used the psychodynamic and the ecological theory to discuss how an assessment would be done to support the Banks family. It has explored the ethical principle of anti-discriminatory and oppressive practice. It has also discussed the advantages and disadvantages of each of them before identifying the similarity and the difference between them and it has given the complicity of human life, all theories work in a complimentary way to give social workers an eclectic understanding of issues in the phenomena with one theory helping to explain certain issues more clearly than the other. And in case of child maltreatment, the ecological models has been has had an advantage over the psychodynamic theory because it has holistically encompassed number of issues such as financial security, material benefits, housing , parents history among others which do have effects on the risk of child abuse.